Opre 6371 Case 5-2

6Case 5-2: Rondot Automotive Name: Lovee Sachdeva, Bin Wen, Matthew Miles, Ryan Buxbaum ,Yuguang Wang, Shaoying Lu. Gathering: 3 Date: 2/22/2013 â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Situation: * Glenn Northcott is the buying organizer at Rondot Automobile in Jackson, Mississippi. The organization is an entirely claimed auxiliary of Rondot Worldwide, a main worldwide creator and maker of electrical and electronic segments. Note: You are Glenn) * Responsible for assessment the re-appropriating opportunity * Meet with Terry Gibson and buying director to choose whether or not to take activities on redistributing * Glenn had been drawn closer by Greven E-Coating ready to give electro covering administrations to Rondot Automobile * Goals of dynamic: Reducing the absolute expenses while keeping up and limiting the dangers from any progressions made * Considerable worldwide rivalry under serious cost tension * Customer’s value decrease pres sure hopes from worldwide rivalry * Total Sales and work at the Jackson plant had consistently declined * Company is feeling the squeeze on cost decrease. The company’s flow need is to lessen activity costs * Rondot is a completely possessed auxiliary of Rondot Worldwide, a main worldwide planner and maker of electrical and electronic segments. Rondot Automotive worked 85 plants in 25 nations. The buying association at Rondot car had a cross breed structure and the Jackson plant’s buying division comprised of four individuals, including two purchasers, an organizer (Glen) and Terry Gibson. * Schedule with the buying supervisor, Terry Gibson, and the plant administrator, Dick Taylor in multi week, and them two are feeling the squeeze to diminish costs at Jackson plant. * Greven E-Coating re-appropriating opportunity * Greven E-Coating Company utilizes a framework whereby a DC electrical charge is applied to a metal part drenched in a shower of oppositely charged paint p articles. * Considered more cost proficient contrasted with conventional wet paint frameworks * Samples gave from Greven E-Coating Company Tests results: 5/6 of groups of lodgings could be changed over to e-coaring utilizing Greven at an expense of 15 pennies each * Parts for five of the six speaks to 60% of the Jackson Plant’s volume * Failure due to various techniques for attachment of a magnet to the lodging. Hot â€bond attachment process fits e-covering while cold-bond grip process doesn't fit e-covering framework Current circumstance: * Total deals and work at the Jackson plant had consistently declined in the course of recent years. * The quantity of workers at the plant had dropped from 1450 to 600 and plant the board was feeling the squeeze to bring down expenses and recapture piece of the pie. * Glenn has the alternative to do redistributing on cleaning and painting work to Greven E-Coating. Glenn needs to concoct a perfect suggestion on the best way to diminish t he cost and recommend that to Terry Gibson and Dick Taylor. * The cleaning and wet artistic creation had been introduced 17 years earlier and experienced various overhauls, and the present artwork technique costs 25 pennies for each lodging. (There are six sections in a lodging family) BASIC ISSUES 1. Organization to take choice on insourcing or re-appropriating 2. Greater expenses identified with painting and cleaning 3. Absence of cutting edge innovation to contend in cost decrease at a lower cost 4. A choice to make, when made, is frequently hard to save. On the off chance that Rondot Automobile chooses to settle on concurrences on e-covering framework, The plant needs to change over 100% hot-security attachment framework 5.Total expense of changing over 40% of cold-security grip framework to the absolute cost investment funds: Long-Term estimation, not momentary 6. Regardless of whether the utilization of e-covering will prompt sole source reliance: Is the e-covering framework a typical canvas technique in advertise? 7. The solidness of e-covering VS. of customary covering framework 8. Money saving advantages examination on the procedure 9. Unpracticed dynamic on redistributing opportunity Tasks: * What does Richard Kaplan do? Richard needs to explain and figure the complete cost investment funds and the expense of changing over from cold-security attachment to hot-security grip * 25 Cents * 6 = $1. 50 * 15 Cents * 6 = $0. 90 * Does the distinction $0. 60 can cover the change from conventional wet covering framework to e-covering framework? The solidness and re-paint rate is likewise expected to consider: If the wet-covering framework has toughness of 10 years while e-covering repaint rate is 8 years, The all out expense of transformation from customary wet-covering framework to e-covering framework will increment fundamentally * What are choices? * Negotiate with Greven E-Coating for a lower costs * Conduct a cautious research on the two preferences and w eaknesses of E-covering framework * Search for additional alternatives in potential sources and substitute things other than conventional wet-painting and e-covering * The test of keeping up long haul mechanical and financial practicality for the conceivable 100% hot-security bond framework * The modification of strategy of provider choice Criteria of normalization and arrangements in regards to the picking of providers * A comprehension of the economic situations so as to set fitting desires at the cost gave from Greven E-Coating * Analyze information gathered for cost and specialized data * Identify the main drivers of deals decay. In the event that the business income can be improved, the organization can keep up the flow painting procedure to stay away from future outer dangers * Determine that is the chilly bond grip framework a vital office for the specific family to produce any predefined electrical and electronic segments * Dose this redistributing plan fit the business obje ctives and destinations? * What does the company’s top administration think about the Jackson plant’s re-appropriating plan? * Which level of the executives settles on an official choice on redistributing? Converse with assembling director and explain more data about chilly bond grip * Talk to the administrator in the family that utilizes cold-bond attachment framework. Explain the motivation behind why the group of lodging decide to utilize cold-bond attachment * Identify and gauge all out expense to uninstall and arrangement the new bond framework if the technique for holding fast a magnet to the lodging isn't obligatory SUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION; 1. How to make investigation of the expense of exchanging current composition process versus the expense of setting up an artistic creation process? What sorts of preparing ought to be given because of the new measures of temperature, air and so on? 2. On the off chance that the aftereffect of redistributing is dis missed, is the subcontracting an option for the company?What are the advantages and dangers of utilizing reverse sell-offs for particular OEM parts? 3. What hazard the board and authoritative advances are vital before moving organization possessed tooling to another provider? 4. What are the advantages and dangers of re-appropriating? Activities: * Determination of point by point work and required of Cold-Bond Adhesion framework * Meet with both Manufacturing chief and the family administrator in Jackson Plant. * Determine the absolute expenses of uninstallation the present cold-security grip framework and the establishment of hot-security bond framework * Total Cost Savings computation * Identify the cost reserve funds potential after the alteration. With the recently adjusted guidelines, speak with Greven E-Coating and break down the choice dependent on the inputs from the provider. * Determine whether the absolute cost reserve funds can take care of the change expense from cold-s ecurity grip framework to hot-security framework * Estimate the future need and future innovative propensity of supplanting conventional wet paint to E-Coating. In the event that the organization will supplant the conventional wet work of art later on at any rate, the expense of transformation can be disregarded. * Talk with Betty McKinley again and decide the point by point cost of holding two additional long stretches of stock * Make concessions to cost and amount, in the interim arrange the term of guarantee and quality affirmation with Greven E-Coating Results: If acknowledge redistributing opportunity * Cost savings:25-15-3=7 pennies on each lodging * Add an additional fourteen days worth of stock * Lower work and material expenses * Product value decreases I. e. capacity to offer marked down cost to clients. * Become progressively serious and there will be a steady increment in the benefit and piece of the pie. * If not tolerating re-appropriating opportunity (I. e.. utilizing the previous framework ) * No reserve funds no value decreases * Reduce hazard for speculation * Extra expense in overhauling the framework * Spending on more work in this activity which brings about extra expenses * May bring about lower working time * Extra time for testing updated framework. On the off chance that complete cost reserve funds is more prominent than the expenses of uninstallation of Cold-security grip + Installation of hot-security bond + additional stock conveying costs: * Prepare the understandings and agreement documentation on redistributing choice with Greven E-Coating * The agreement content with Greven E-Coating will in general be present moment to maintain a strategic distance from sole-source reliance circumstance. Connect lower evaluated providers while keep up the quality affirmation * If all out cost reserve funds is equivalent to or not exactly the expenses of uninstallation of Cold-security attachment + Installation of hot-security bond + additional stock conveying costs: * Determine the significance of regular inclination of utilizing E-covering for other assembling companies.If the E-covering isn't obligatory later on showcase, dismiss the re-appropriating plan to dodge additional potential dangers * Find out other elective approaches to diminish all out costs, for example, decrease of work costs, fabricating overhead or the substitution of cost-effective hardware or offices Priorities: * Maintain cost decrease at the Jackson plant. * Increase deals volume and high piece of the overall industry. * Ensure a fruitful redistributing choice. * Maintain company’s notoriety picture for dependability. End: The work of art procedure ought to be outso

Drugs history and definition Essay Example For Students

Medications history and definition Essay ? Medications have a long and famous history for changing personalities. Medications are utilized as a method for getting away from the real world and vanishing into a different universe. ? In this discourse, I will help you in understanding the history and meanings of different medications. My proposed discoveries depend on data I have assembled from an assortment of what I accepted to be respectable and sound sources. ? Consequently, as per Professor Blum, from the University of Chicago the first home of cannabis is believed to be Central Asia, yet has spread far and wide except for the Arctic locales and territories of wet tropical timberlands. ? Right off the bat in its historythe Chinese without a doubt utilized it as a drug. after 1500 years when they had their first contact with Europeans the medication had fallen into decay. In any case, its worth had become an essential wellspring of fiber and there is record of hemp development going back to Neolithic occasions. ? The United States pronounced pot as an illicit medication in 1937. It has been a wellspring of extraordinary contention from that point onward. ? Another well known medication broadly utilized in the United States is cocaine. Cocaine is extricated from the leaves of a plant called E-Coca. E-Coca, a ragged bush local to South American nations at high elevations. Cocaine is the essential alkaloid in these leaves. Likewise, Sigmund Freud, the celebrated psychoanalyst, utilized cocaine to treat a significant number of his patients, later he himself turned into a fiend. Cocaine was found to have a desensitizing impact, in this manner it was presented as a sedati ve via Carl Koller. Cocaine utilize tumbled off for different reasons, before it reappeared in the late 1970s. In spite of the fact that touted as the ideal medication, it has destroyed numerous lives. ? Next, lysergic corrosive diethylamide, regularly known as (LSD) was made in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. This medication increased tremendous prominence during the 1960s. Hofmanns depiction of his experience while testing the medication was a charming inebriation like inclination that incredibly animated his creative mind. His experience of continuous stream of pictures, remarkable shapes with vivid play of hues kept going around six hours. Afterward, LSD was widely concentrated by the military during the 1950s lastly prohibited in 1967. ? Other normal medications that are distinctive in name however comparative in inception are opium and heroin. Opium is believed to be 6000 years of age, where heroin was made in 1874 and was initially promoted as a safe, non-dependent substitute for morphine. In any case, it was immediately noticed that heroin additionally produce reliance rapidly in certain people. Hence, heroin and sedatives were made unlawful in 1920 with the hazardous medications act. ? Phencyclidine regularly known as (PCP) was created in 1926 as a careful sedative. Its designers trusted it would demonstrate sheltered and powerful, yet early specialists concluded it isn't quite a bit of neither and it sat on a rack until 1957. This medication is right now unlawful in the United States also. ? Finally, there is the medication marked amphetamine. Amphetamines are partitioned into three essential groupsmethamphetamine, dexamphetamines, and Benzedrine. These medications are normally known as speed, meth, wrench, gem, and ice. ? In 1887, they were blended in Germanyin search of relieving malady. In the late 1920s, the medication was genuinely explored as a fix and treatment against about everything from melancholy to decongestion. Today these medications are commonly used to treat narcolepsy and consideration shortage hyperactivity issue otherwise called (ADHD). ? In shutting of my discourse, I might want to cite Dr. Alfred Burger from the New England Journal of Medicine by expressing, Drugs are substance aggravates that alter the manner in which the body and psyche work. Furthermore, the word sedate has procured awful implications as of late because of the way that society takes something great and transforms into something terrible, this has at last become a genuine sociological issue. .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .postImageUrl , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:hover , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:visited , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:active { border:0!important; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:active , .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u a9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua9a96f07f0755393094cb64c0cb37e48:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Non-official Directors and Corporate Governance EssayBibliography:Works CitedAnnas, George, J. Reefer MadnessThe Federal Response to Californias Medical Marijuana Law. The New England Journal of Medicine Vol. 337, No. 6. Aug1997. Legitimate Issues in Medicine. 4 Mar 2000 Blum, Jeffrey. Re: United States Vs. Anderson, CR-89-210E. 4 Mar 2000

J. D. Salinger Biography Essay

J. D. Salinger Biography Essay J.D Salisinger Biography J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 by a Christian mother and a Jewish father in the city of New York. Mr. Salinger entirely dedicated himself to writing after being enrolled at New York University and also at Columbia University. By the time Mr. Salinger was 21 years old; in 1940, he had had a chance to publish wide range short stories in periodicals, and this was being considered as a huge success in his life. During World War II, the career of Mr. Salinger as a writer was greatly disrupted but he was able to return from the service and continued as a writer, principally with The New Yorker, in 1946. He wrote for The New Yorker between 1948 and 1965 and published wide range of stories. For instance, in 1948 he published A Perfect Day for Banana-fish, which gives an account on the suicide of a desolated veteran of war. He also published For EsmeWith Love and Squalor in the year 1950, a story which gives an account of an encounter of a United States soldier together with two British child ren. Therefore, by the end of 1965, Mr. Salinger had published thirty-five different short stories. The Catcher in the Rye was published in the year 1951, and it is a publication that earned Mr. Salinger major significant and trendy acclaim. It was a story of Holden Caulfield, who was a disobedient boarding-school student who tries to escape from the world of adult that he normally finds it fake. As a creative writer and finding wayward for protagonist of a child, Mr. Salingers novel is given a great deal of sympathy. Work Cited Salinger Jerome David. The Catcher in the Rye. City of Westminster, London: Penguin Books, Limited, 2010.

The Elements Of Quality Childcare - 1585 Words

Images can represent and mean various things. Above is my collage of pictures that I feel represent ‘The Elements of Quality Childcare?’ The first image represents adult-child relationships. Having a connection with children help for better learning, it helps children with their emotional and cognitive development. According to Dr. Jack Shonkoff, â€Å"young children experience their life as a world full of connections and relationships, and these components affect the aspect of their development. (National Scientific Council on the Developing child, 2004). In child care the educator becomes another figure, another role model for them to observe and follow, as result, having a connecting relationship helps promote healthy development and helps†¦show more content†¦This curriculum has many benefits for the development of children and will ensure the maintenance of play-based experiences in the classroom. (Pedagogy, 2015). The third image I used represent regulat ions and standards. The Day Nurseries Act, licensing standards and adult-child ratios, all work together to implement proper regulations and standards. The Day Nurseries Act is the legislation that governs licensed child care in Ontario and set the requirements to ensure the well-being of children in care. As reported by, the Licensed Child Care in Ontario – Key Facts, â€Å"inspections must be done at least once a year to asses complaints, issue and renew license, and monitor operators who are having trouble meeting the licensing standards, these reports will be sent to the Ministry of Education.† In addition it is important to follow regulations put in place for instance, if a playground is going to be built or needs to be fixed it must meet current Canadian Standards Association Standard requirements. Likewise it is just as important to follow the requirements for adult-child ratios. According to the Ministry of Education, infants under 18 months of age the ratio sh ould be 3 to 10, toddlers 18 months of age and over up to and including 30 months of age the ratio should be 1 to 5, preschool more than 30 months of age up to and including 5 years of age the ratio should

RFID Economic Impact Example

Essays on RFID Economic Impact Research Paper Frequency-Identification Jobs Created This is an imperative technology that is applied the contemporary society. It has created various job opportunities for people with great skills in the technology sector. One of the jobs that it has created is an opportunity for technologists, specifically specialists in the field of technology, who focus on production of the technology. Moreover, it has created job opportunities for people responsible for marketing it to various consumer products in different parts of the world. In addition, the use of this technology has enabled many people to access job opportunities, specifically those that are related to tracking of the movement of goods or even those that involve tracking of the operations of a transportation network. Jobs Obstructed On the other hand, the application of the Radio Frequency Identification has facilitated the obstruction of some people’s jobs. That is, some people have lost their jobs due to the invention of this technology while other people have faced hindrances with regard to performance of their jobs. To begin with, certain security personnel have lost their jobs due to the fact that RFID’s have been applied facilitate computerized tracking and monitoring certain persons or social activities. In this regard, persons who might have been employed as security personnel have lost their jobs. The application of Radio-Frequency Identification has also created a scenario whereby issues related to personal privacy are jeopardized. This has hindered effective performance of certain duties that require total privacy. In some cases, companies have employed the use of Radio-Frequency Identification to supervise and monitor the movement of their workers, hence reducing the need for supervisors, hence rendering them jobless. The essence of applying Radio-Frequency Identification chips on humans for purposes human identification has also created a major problem regarding human/personal privacy: RFID are currently highly applied to facilitate duties ascribed to human identification. This has violated personal privacy in many job positions, thus limiting the capacity of the affected individuals to perform freely in their job positions. Job Outlook Radio-Frequency Identification has provided a wide opportunity for people with knowledge ascribed to it to perform different duties in different sectors of the society. Application of this technology extended from application in agricultural practices to provision of security in the defense forces (Hansen et al, 25). A person with proper knowledge in application of the Radio-Frequency Identification may find himself/herself in the agricultural sector, working with farmers with a purpose of implanting the technology on some agricultural products, specifically animals for purposes of tracking and monitoring. Moreover, the application of this technology extends to the business world where it is currently highly applied to facilitate tracking of goods on transit as well as supervising of the movement of certain goods, in this regard, a person with appropriate knowledge on this technology can access a job opportunity in such a field as a consultant or a technology expert, with a responsib ility to install it to the company’s product. The jobs created by the use of Radio-Frequency Identification also extend to the military or the security sector where it is currently highly applied for security purposes i.e. through identification of persons et cetera. Pros and Cons of RFID The first and the most evident impact of this technology is the fact that it has created a lot of job opportunities. This has enhanced the well-being of many people employed as RFID technology consultants or even as supervisors that monitor the movement of some goods as well as the movement of employees. On the other hand, some people have also lost their jobs owing to the fact that some duties that could have been performed physically are currently performed through the use of Radio-Frequency Technology thus replacing the need for physical human efforts. Another impact of the technology is that it has enhanced the performance of some companies that employ its use through reduction of losses. This is due to the fact that it has been effectively applied to track or monitor the movement of a company’s goods thus limiting losses that might have occurred as result of theft or robbery. Additionally, the application of this technology has enhanced agricultural performances among farmers who apply for purposes of tracking or monitoring their activities within their farms. Consequently, the application of this technology has played a significant role in the security sector, a factor that is usually imperative for effective economic growth for instance: It has been applied to facilitate military activities through supervision of certain security aspects (Poirier et al, 23). Future Economic Impacts and Markets With increased use of the technology in various social and economic sectors, the technology will facilitate development in a wide perspective. This shall increase its demand among stakeholders that have seen its benefits from other users. Moreover, its market shall increase among consumers interested to apply it in various social and economic activities that may require monitoring. WORK CITED Hansen, Wolf, and Frank Gillert.  RFID for the optimization of business processes. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons, 2008. Print. Poirier, Charles C., and Duncan McCollum.  RFID strategic implementation and ROI a practical roadmap to success. Fort Lauderdale, Fla.: J. Ross Pub., 2006. Print.

Efficiency in Organizations Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Efficiency in Organizations. Answer: Efficiency in Organizations Today, the regional and global changes that are occurring have both positive and negative effects on organizations. With this regard, there is a need for organizations to have strong, decisive, and driven managers who are able to evaluate the processes. This report seeks to analyze the different techniques which managers employ to ensure that workers at Cerkezkoy Organized Industrial Site are as efficient as possible in their working processes. Efficiency Efficiency is vital in any organization and it is one actor that brings success in different organizations. Due to the continually occurring changes in enterprises, there is a need for businesses to take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves. Organizations need to make sure that they reduce the risks associated with the changes and therefore reduce losses. Efficiency is measurable. It refers to the level of productivity in any organization. Due to the high competition levels that exist, organizations have the responsibility to ensure maximum efficiency. Efficiency occurs in different dimensions. There is need for technological and operational efficiency. Efficiency can also be defined as the proper utilization of all factors of production, namely; land, capital, labor, and the entrepreneurship. Efficiency is also the ratio of income to the production costs. Intra-organizational efficiency is the existence of proper dialogue between the employer and employees in an organization thus ensuring proper relationships between managers and employees and hence leading to increased productivity. Factors That Affect Efficiency There are different intra-business and extra-business factors that affect efficiency. It is vital for organizations to increase efficiency in all their activities. When businesses enlarge, employees are involved in more tasks and they are able to carry out different tasks in the business as opposed to just one task. This in turn leads to job enrichment. This is because carrying out just a single task may lead to monotony and the employees may not be highly motivated because they are not aware of the value they are adding to the company. However, when the employees perform different tasks, they are able to see their significance in the full production process and as a result, they become highly interested in performing their different responsibilities. Methods Used to Increase Efficiency in Organizations Work study is a process which involves a calculation of the productive hours in a business to find out work hours that are inefficient, and therefore work to increase efficiency during the unproductive hours. There is a belief that the process of job simplification ensures that employees are highly motivated to do their jobs in a productive manner. Zero-based budget management is a system that brings in efficiency by making sure that the scarce resources in an organization are optimally distributed. Force field analysis seeks to foresee challenges that an organization is likely to face and ensures that these issues are well planned for. Brainstorming, on the other hand, involves coming up with ideas and arguing them out to find how the organization can benefit the most. Finally, nominal grouping method is used to foresee future issues and come up with ideas and consequently implementing them and evaluating the progress. Reasons for Low Efficiency Levels in Organizations There are different reasons why organizations may have low efficiency levels. These include; lack of a safe and healthy environment to work in, poor relations existing between the employees and the managers, lack of harmonious relations between employees and other colleagues, lack of motivation among the employees to perform certain tasks to completion, low payment of employees which they feel is less than their works worth, and employees lack of love for the job which makes them not to value the job and hence produce low quality work. Based on these problems, activities that can be carried out to ensure that employees are efficient in their tasks include; proper wage payments and bonuses, presence of job security, fair working hours, breaks to rest, and a safe and healthy working environment. Today, it is of great significance for organizations to provide goods and services of the highest quality and at the low costs to survive and outdo their competition as well as make a profit. It is also vital that businesses ensure that the notion of motivation is ensured to increase efficiency of labor at the low costs. Advantages of Employee Motivation There are different advantages of motivation of employees in any organization. These include; Fulfillment of community needs. This is through the provision of high quality products and excellent customer service resulting due to the motivated employees. Employees who are motivated because they value their jobs are able to have ego satisfaction due to the feeling of self-assurance. Finally, motivation enables the employees to become competitive which in turn enables social and economic development of the organization. How Managers Influence Employee Motivation Levels Managers are very significant in their contributions that influence how employees behave and therefore perform in the achievement of the strategic objectives of the organization. Therefore, there are a number of ways in which they can influence the behavior of employees positively in accordance with the policies of the organization. These include; allowing free expression of points of view from the employees, being attentive to what employees say, interacting with employees in a sincere manner, talking respectfully to employees, listening and considering the wishes of their subordinates, and making promises that they can keep to employees among others. Research Findings This report also includes a research that was conducted to determine what a sample of two hundred and twenty-nine employees think about the use of different tools of motivation on employees, with the aim of increasing efficiency in the organizations. This research was conducted by the use of a questionnaire that is divided into different sections. The first section required details of the respondents in terms of their gender, age, experience, education information, and their roles in the organizations. The second part seeks to find what employees think of motivation tools with questions formulated in the form of a Likert scale. Analysis of the data collected showed that sixty-three of the total respondents are female and one hundred and sixty-six are male. The respondents are of the ages of eighteen and above. The different respondents are in different professions, and their income distributions are widely distributed. Their marital status are also different with some of them being single, divorced while others are married. Finally, their terms of office are also different. Further analysis proved that the data collected is reliable. An analysis of the impact of the motivation tools in regard to gender revealed that both genders agree on the impact of economic tools on both motivation and psycho-social tools. However, they disagreed on the impact of organizational and managerial tools on motivation. In regards to different age groups and the factors affecting motivation, it was found out that all age groups were in agreement that economics tools, psycho-social tools, and organizational and managerial tools all affect employee motivation. A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to see if employees of differing education status agree on the impacts of economic tools, psycho-social tools, and managerial and organizational tools on employee motivation. Results revealed that no differentiation existed. In regards to the amount of payment the employees received, it was found out that the people who earned a low income were much easier to motivate in relation to the existing motivation tools as compared to people who earned high income levels (Guclu Guney 2017). This research, therefore, showed that though different motivational tools worked for some people and not for other people, they are important and when well used they can lead to increased efficiency. Bearing in mind that the fundamental reason for the formation of businesses is to make profits, efficiency is very vital in this process. It is important that managers use techniques that make the employees as productive as possible regardless of their age, gender, levels of education, or period of experience. By so doing, the organizations will make profits continually and increase revenues as well as save costs. Recommendations There are other ways that organizations can increase their efficiency apart from in terms of employees. First, they can take advantage of economies of scale and increase production. This will enable them to lower their prices hence make more sales but still increase their profit margins. Second, they should take advantage of technology in their activities. This ensures faster production and it enables the organization to produce high quality products and services. Third, they should provide customers with high quality customer service as well as after-sale services to ensure that they create loyalty in their customers and therefore have a competitive edge against other providers of the same goods and services. Conclusion Indeed, all factors of production when properly utilized will lead to efficient production and sale of different goods and services in organizations. It is therefore vital that they all be used properly. The factor of production that needs to be most efficient is labor and that is why this report pays a lot of emphasis on the importance of employee motivation and outlines ways in which this can take place. References Guclu, H. Guney, S., 2017. The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application. Business Management Dynamics, 6(7), pp.118.

Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People free essay sample

Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People Task B : Roles and Responsibilities of Organisations †¢ Social Services Social Workers have a responsibility to provide support and care for vulnerable children and their families. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand How to Safeguard the Well-being of Children and Young People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They may have been alerted to a particular situation for example; if parents are struggling to care for their children or there are other challenging situations such as drug abuse, domestic violence and reports of abuse to the child(ren). Social Workers are always involved in the intervention of situations involving the abuse or harm of children or young people. Residential Care Workers have a responsibility for ‘looked-after’ children who reside in care homes and not with their families. With usually high vulnerability, these children and young people need to be cared for and the Residential workers have a specific duty of care to provide safeguarding of their health and welfare. Family Support Workers have close contact with vulnerable children and their families. They have a responsibility to care for and provide support for them, usually through home visits or through local children’s centres. They are often called upon to give opinions and monitor families that give cause for concern in regards to health, safety or welfare. †¢ Health Visitor Health Visitors have a responsibility to monitor the health and development of children under the age of five. Their usual first point of contact is during home visits and at clinics and health centres. With crucial skills, they are usually the first people to identify concerns about a child’s safety and welfare. They are able to gather information and have the ability to recognise vulnerability and signs of harm, neglect or abuse in both parents and children. They have contact with multi-agencies and support the work of the Local Safeguarding Children’s Board (LSCB). They also work closely with both midwives and school nurses and can offer individualised plans for those recognised as being ‘in need’. Their early intervention can be crucial in protecting a child. †¢ NSPCC The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is a charity with a duty to protect children from being abused and neglected. It has the statutory power to bring care proceedings in its own right. They also work closely with Childline (a 24 hour service for children to telephone for help and advice. ) They operate a 24 hour Child Protection line also which accepts referrals and passes the information to the relevant service. The NSPCC may be commissioned by Children’s social care to undertake specific child protection related work. It also provides services for families and children and has the same responsibilities as other voluntary agencies. †¢ GPs General Practitioners have a responsibility for the general health of members of the practice. They usually have contact with children and families in the community and will be instrumental in recognising and identifying signs for concern during routine appointments or home visits. The will be responsible for reporting suspected abuse or neglect and should follow the correct procedures for doing so. †¢ Probation Probation Officers will be responsible for the support and rehabilitation of some offenders in the Community. This supervision will involve monitoring people convicted previously of offences against children and ensure that they do not pose s threat to the Community. They also liaise with Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) such as safeguarding children, procedures covering ex-offenders, domestic abuse and child protection procedures. †¢ Police Police have a responsibility for the general safety and protection of the general public. Their role is to prevent crime and disorder and protect individuals. Children have the right to be fully protected. With specialist training, the police can investigate cases with the Child Abuse Investigation Units (CAIUs). The police need to gather information and work closely with other agencies in the cases of criminal proceedings against suspected child abusers. All of the information collected is passed on to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). The police also possess power to enter premises to ensure that children will be protected immediately from being harmed in any way. †¢ School School staff are responsible for creating and maintaining a safe learning environment. They are trained to identify any concerns and act upon this information. To maintain this field of expertise, the staff must attend child protection and first aid courses. They are responsible for protecting children from abuse and bullying and can observe behaviours that may give cause for concern. They are required to meet health needs of children with specific needs. The staff should be in contact with multi agencies and to support the child and attend case conferences. They should, under the Children Act 1989 have a key role in referring children and providing information to assist police in criminal proceedings. They should safeguard children with reference to Internet usage and provide policies and procedures to be adhered to regarding child protection and risk assessments.

The Factors of Poverty essays

The Factors of Poverty essays What is poverty? Every day we are exposed to some nature of poverty. There is no one definition to define poverty because poverty can be in reference to anything. Generally, poverty is referenced to being extremely poor or lacking general necessities required to live each day. Examples may include water, food, and shelter. Each view of poverty has its own opinion and explanation. Poverty affects all aspects of life, even the ones who are fortunate to have everything they need. Poverty is either blamed on the individual or the system, which we refer to as the government. A couple of things one should take into consideration when referring to poverty is the causes and effects of poverty, the types of poverty, and the people mostly affected by poverty. Although poverty is well overlooked, the less fortunate should be taken into consideration rather than overlooked or set apart as an outcast to society. There are two categories of poverty. The first category of poverty is case poverty. Case poverty is defined as something an individual does or lacks which causes them to be poor. For example, drug addicts and alcoholics who are living in poverty are in that state because of the habit they would rather support. On the other hand, those living in poverty due to a handicap or mental problem are in that state because that disables their ability to work. The second category is insular poverty. This is brought about to a particular group living in a particular area and is solely based upon environmental factors. Insular poverty could exist in the slums of the city, and this result from lack of attention and maintenance from the city. There is a major difference between the two cases of poverty, solely based on who is effected and how. John Kenneth Gilbraith expressed his forethought about these cases of poverty and suggested, The cure of poverty is possible but is not sure that the peop le along with the government see it as an important...

Argument paper Choose from Supplied List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument paper Choose from Supplied List - Essay Example There have been a number of studies that proved how continuous exposure to advertising leads children to buy products they see on ads which are dominated by soda and chips (Hastings et al., 2003; IOM, 2006; Story & French, 2004). There have also been several quantitative studies that assess how heavier media spend equates to higher purchase of food being advertise which also results to increase of diseases and obesity among children (IOM, 2006; Hastings et al., 2003). This alarming rise of obesity and diabetes on children and the relentless power of food companies to convince children to unhealthy food choices are the strongest reason for schools to take a more active part in giving proper nutrition to children. Parents are unable to supervise their children when in school. That is a total of six to seven hours of unmonitored time (Berg & Debroff, 2005). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently released a study (Joelving, 2011) stating that everyone must help in this epidemi c including the public schools. However, even the public schools that are supposed to be supporting health initiatives are not doing enough to traffic the bad influences that children have when it comes to nutrition. This paper intends to understand the need for public schools to stop offering soda and junk foods in school cafeteria and the challenges that school may face in implementing such a policy. Junk Food in Public School Cafeteria The Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 required each local education agency that participates in the National School Lunch Program or other child nutrition program to offer USDA approved meals. This means that public schools are required to offer nutritious food in their cafeterias but 43 percent of participating schools are unable to implement this policy (RWJF, 2009) because of several factors including: Lack of personnel to cook healthy food Lack of cafeteria equipment Lack of time to devote to planning and buying supplies Unfor tunately they also offer Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value or FMNV. FMNV is actually a fancy word for junk food. According to USDA, FMNV are artificially sweetened foods and foods that gives less than the 5% of the Reference Daily Intake for each of the eight specified nutrients such as protein, Vitamin A & C, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, calcium and iron (Molnar et al, 2006). It also doesn’t help that kids can get junk food and soda from the vending machine in every turn. One study about the â€Å"competitive foods â€Å"in Philadelphia showed that the top selling food in the school cafeteria are hamburgers, pizza, cookies, French fries, carbonated drinks, candy bars and of course chocolate (Probart et al, 2005). A report on the CDC website indicated that, from 2004 to 2006, the median percentage of secondary schools across states allowing students to purchase chocolate candy and salty snacks that are not low in fat decreased. It’s an Economic Concern Providing fr ee luch to students that below on low income families is not cheap (Probart et al, 2005): $.89 - $.97 per child for breakfast $1.54 - $2.28 per child for lunch Of this, each school is reimbursed only half of what they spen

Use of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Use of Gender Stereotypes in Advertising - Essay Example Gender stereotyping in the advertisements has become one of the major problems seen. For many it is a wrong and unacceptable way since it gives a wrong sense of value to the people for selfish reasons. On the other hand, the groups of people who use gender stereotyping argue that it is to reach the targeted audience and not to immorally harm the society. The issues arise often and the debate goes on. It is important to note that advertisements rely on stereotypes, and despite what the society presents, gender stereotypes play the concrete role. The modern society has been shaped according to the media that surrounds us. The main purpose why advertisers use stereotypes is to make their message stronger and reach the targeted audience. They also think this secures the stereotypes in the society and portrays their position in the society. However, it also causes an inverse effect according to many psychologists. They say these advertisements represent the genders in the society as they exist stereotypically, and also cause these groups to be influenced to stay packed within their stereotyped molds. The advertisement of Weight Watchers is an example of how gender stereotypes are commonly used in advertisements. They have the perspective of looking at men and women so differently that they have used two separate advertisements in order to target them. The advertisement for women launched the ‘Weight Watchers 360’ programme and the advertisement for men launched the ‘Lose like a Man’ programme. The programme for women was very stereotypical as it focused on the ability of the user to, at times, eat what they wanted, such as chocolates. For men the programme used the approach giving them the ability to sometimes eat some of their favourites and still lose weight, such as pizza, burgers etc. The advertisement could not have gotten more stereotypical where it positioned different tactics for both genders, placed the genders in their stereotyped roles and influenced the society to follow them. The relationship between the media and the society is not understandable. It is observed that women face excessive stereotypical pressure, but usually men suffer the same. Gender stereotyping in advertisements is commonly discouraged because it enforces negative and false assumptions in the society through portraying audiences on television, social media or billboards. For selfish reasons advertisers use these groups and create wrong values in the minds of people in the society. Psychological reasons are the most important ones because of which stereotyping in advertisements are immoral and harmful. The advertisement may remind the targeted audience of any incidents that they went through, and influence to think of them as normal. Advertisers sell their products through targeting the psychology where the audience starts to feel they actually lack those so-called attributes (Browne, 2011, p. 33). Advertisements affect people every day in a way that they do not realise. These advertisements portray an idealistic reality which most people are not aware of. The goals and objectives attained by the advertisers cause severe negative circumstances in the society. Psychologists say that women are reminded of the negative stereotypes before they perform any exercise or activity. The stereotyped advertisements create an exaggerated version of a specific group or gender and they present it as normal. This affects the psychology of people who are being targeted and they are not only convinced to buy the product but also start believing themselves to be normally unusual.

Baz Luhrmans modern interpretation of the Shakespeare play Essay Example for Free

Baz Luhrmans modern interpretation of the Shakespeare play Essay This essay is based on Baz Luhrmans modern interpretation of the Shakespeare play; Romeo + Juliet. It will be focusing on the opening scene, and Prologue. I will be analysing how Baz Lurhman portrays the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. I will also be discussing how the presentation of The Prologue helps the audience to understand the play. The film begins with a blank TV screen. The TV screen could represent the modern interpretation to the play. The screen the becomes occupied by a news-reader, who begins reciting the sonnet. The idea of the sonnet being read off the news, emphasises the how important the situation is. Once the news-reader has completed the sonnet, the TV transports you to the scene of the play; Verona. The establishing shot becomes apparent; a Montague building separated form a Capulet building, only by the statue of Christ. This emphasises the theme of religion, and the line in the sonnet: Both alike in dignity This is because each building belittles the rest of Verona, as well as the other. The camera then speeds up and shows a sequence of fast shots. This is known as mise en scene. This represents a degree of chaos, and highlights the conflict between the two families. The Prologue is then recited again, this time, by the Friar. As he reads, the words are reinforced by bold, white text, on a black background. The contrasting colours could be highlighting the two families differences. The use of colour; in this case black and white, are most likely an deliberate choice, as black and white are both immediate opposites, therefore helping the audience differentiate between text and background. This allows the audience to correlate the friars voice with the text, despite the short amount of time in which the text is shown. After the Friar has completed The Prologue, the camera focuses on a family tree, of each family; in turn. Almost as soon as it has shown the family trees, the shot becomes engulfed in flames. The flames could convey a message of hatred, rage and anger between the two families. From the flames, a newspaper heading appears, whilst the flames fade. The heading suggests re-occurring violence between both the Montagues and the Capulets, and could also show that the feud is still as strong as ever. We can then learn that the strongest of the families quarrel lies between the youth of each house. This becomes apparent when the camera focuses on a number of magazines, with the younger generation of each house on the cover. Baz Lurhman also incorporates the use of magazines, as opposed to tabloids, when referring to the youth, as younger people are usually more associated with magazines. In the next shot, the parents of each house are pictured, accompanied by the actors name and character. In turn, the same happens for every character. This is important, as it allows the audience to differentiate between the members of each family, and who the main roles are. The types of shots depicted are very solemn, except for a character named Paris. He is shown in a happy scene; as he is not involved in the feud, whilst every other character is affected, in some way, by the civil conflict. The Prologue concludes with a montage of shots, featured earlier in The Prologue, aswell as a repertoire of emotion-provoking shots, from later in the film. As the closing sequence is shown, shots of fireworks are merged in, to again, establish the theme of chaos. Finally, the title appears, and The Prologue finishes. The final aspect of Baz Luhrmans interpretation, is the Music. Without this particular piece (Carmena Burana), The Prologue would not provoke as many emotions within the audience. This is because; as the tempo, and volume rises beyond forte, Baz secrenises the action scenes to run along side this. He also utilises the piano-pianissimo parts of the piece to again, establish the sonnet. All together, the music adds the element of drama, and strong emotions to the opening scene.

Comparison of the Book and Movie Version of A Clockwork Orange :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

A Comparison of the Book and Firm Version of A Clockwork Orange    In the story of his teenage years, starting at fifteen.   He begins his tale as the leader of a small gang that spends its evenings pillaging and wreaking havoc on the town until the gang mutinies and "Your Humble Narrator," as Alex refers to himself, is caught by the police.   From there, Alex travels to State Jail 84F to serve 14 years, but receives an offer from "the Government" which entails undergoing experimental treatment in return for early release.   He seizes what seems to him an opportunity, but is horrified by the "cure" he endures.   The new "good" Alex that is released unto the world is depressed, frustrated, and lonely, although no longer violent.   A radical political group then exploits him as an example of the cruelty of "the Government."   This faction tries to force Alex to suicide in order to gain a martyr, but Alex's attempt fails and he is nursed back to health and his natural mental state by the Government, who in the end comes out on top.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alex, whose last name is not mentioned in the book, is a violent, aggressive teenager of fifteen, who is the leader of a four-person gang.   He truly enjoys violence, reveling in the sight of blood or weapons.   Alex's love of hate is not simply a rebellious emotion, but as he explains, it is his very nature, and he could not change it if he wanted to.   Despite his passion for what most see as ugly and disgusting, Alex does have a great appreciation for classical music, especially Beethoven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Alex's main conflicts are both external and internal.   His external conflicts are between him and the members of his gang.   Dim and Georgie, two of the members of Alex's gang, are unwilling to accept Alex's leadership.   They challenge his authority, and Alex reacts rashly by trying to re- establish his dominance through defeating both of his aggressors in fighting.   This confrontation only raises tensions within the gang, and leads to a betrayal which results in Alex's capture on the charge of murder.   Alex's main internal conflict is a physiological one.   The Government's experimental treatment which Alex undergoes involves conditioning to produce a feeling of nausea and

Cognitive Behavioural and Psychodynamic Approaches Essay

Coping with the death of a loved one often means that the bereaved must develop a new way of viewing themselves and the world around them without the presence or influence of the deceased. In general, reactions to the loss of a loved one are considered intense in the initial period following the death, but on average, these feelings lessen over time (Parkes, 1975; Rando, 1993; Sanders, 1989, 1993, cited in Malkinson, 2001). Some bereaved individuals can successfully cope with this transitional phase and are capable of returning to â€Å"an adaptive level of functioning† within the time frames expected (Marwit & Matthews, 2004) without experiencing severe impairments. However, some grievers can experience severe affects to their physical and psychological well-being (Gallagher-Thompson et al., 1993; Ott, 2003; Stroebe & Stroebe, 1987, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004); cases in which the bereaved is demonstrating prolonged irrational beliefs and/or behaviours about the loss can be an indication of an emotional disturbance (e.g. complicated grief). Complicated grief (CG) can be defined as â€Å"the intensification of grief that does not lead to assimilation of the loss but instead to repetitive stereotypic behavior as well as impaired functioning† (Malkinson & Witztum, in press, cited in Malkinson, 2001, p. 672). The discourse of this paper will compare and contrast psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theories with examples of models used to facilitate grief work in situations of complicated grief as well as a brief explanation of what is considered grief resolution. Let us begin with a brief explanation of the core principles of each approach. Psychodynamic counseling is concerned with the role of the unconscious, childhood experiences and how they can ultimately effect our mental processes which in turn manifest in our actions. According to this approach in order to deal with conflicts certain defensive actions or mechanisms instinctively come to our rescue whenever we feel vulnerable or as if our view of reality is being challenged. For example in bereavement cases, clients will often use denial as a defense mechanism and coping strategy in order to avoid the intense pain that comes with acceptance of loss. However effective this may be for short-term relief, in the long run, the client runs the risk of developing symptoms of complicated grief (Hough, 2010). Contrariwise, cognitive-behavioral approaches place almost no emphasis on the past and childhood events, unless it directly relates to difficulties of the present day, in such cases it acknowledges but does not focus on this factor. Rather it concentrates on present day thinking/behavioral patterns exhibited by the client, ways to recondition the client’s cognitive processes and how to eliminate unwanted or destructive cognitions and behavior. Additionally, (and specific to aspects of behavior) this approach adheres to empirically sound principles and procedures that have been tested for their effectiveness and reliability (Hough, 2010), whereas the psychodynamic approach is theory based. The rationale behind CBT being, since negative patterns of thinking and behaving are learned they can be unlearned. We now examine established beliefs about grief and grief resolution. Grief has traditionally been seen as a healthy process aimed at decathexis, abandoning or letting go of commitment to one’s relationship to the deceased (Freud, 1917/1957, cited in Malkinson, 2001) as well as the ability to form new relationships (Malkinson, 2001). During most of the 20th century, leaders in bereavement research followed Freud’s (1917/1957, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) theoretical model of decathecating grief in which he believed that the bereaved invested a great deal of mental energy into maintaining the attachment to the deceased and in order to reach a resolution of grief it was vital to release this attachment, i.e. to exhaust the energy. To facilitate the process of grief work, the survivor must confront the feelings of loss and allow himself to express the emotions associated with the loss by revisiting the events leading up to and during the death. However, the notion held by Freud (accepting the loss is a sign of grief resolution) is not supp orted by empirical evidence (Artlet & Thyer, 1998, cited in Malkinson, 2001). Cognitive-behavioral models have expanded to include treatment of loss and grief, specifically complicated grief (Fleming & Robinson, 1991, 2001; Florsheim & Gallagher-Thompson, 1990; Malkinson & Ellis, 2000; Neimeyer, Prigerson, & Davies, 2002; Reynolds,1996,1999; Stubenbort, Donnelly, & Cohen, 2001, cited in Marwit & Marwit, 2004). Researchers maintain that more consideration must be given to other processes of grieving which allows for a continued connection between the survivor and the deceased as opposed to decathecting. Additionally, modern day research criticizes the need for finality and closure as a sign of resolution, and instead views the bereavement process as an on going modification of preexisting cognitions and emotional reactions to the â€Å"new reality† (Malkinson, 2001). As opposed to severing ties to the deceased, the maintenance of bonds is now being proposed (Malkinson & Bar-Tur, 1999; Rubin & Malkinson, 2001; Silverman, Klass, & Nickman, 1996, cited in Malkinson, 2001). Klass (1999, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) reasoned that resolution is achieved â€Å"by integration of the deceased into the ongoing life of the griever† (p.852). Research involving grieving parents reveals a common element of prolonged association and connection with the deceased. As a result of this theory Stroebe and Schut (1999, cited in Marwit, et al., 2004) put forward the Dual-Process Model (DPM), which allows the bereaved to confront painful feelings and cognitions involved in mourning, but to avoid them as well. They maintain that clinicians and researchers must understand the cognitive processes experienced by the griever, and also, the regulation of these cognitions during the bereavement process (ibid.). According to this model, there are two types of stressors: loss-orientation and restoration-orientation. Loss-oriented coping focuses on dealing with the actual loss itself and cognitions such as â€Å"He was too young to die†. Also, addressing the aching desire for the person, for example allowing the emotional expressions to flow, i.e. crying over pictures of the deceased as well as recalling happy moments shared. Alternatively, restoration-oriented coping deals with the task of successfully continuing life and developing a new identity without the deceased and at times, even having to take on those duties and responsibilities, which were previously held by the deceased. Some examples of these potential challenges may include, identity shifts such as â€Å"homemaker† to â€Å"employee† or â€Å"daughter† to â€Å"orphan† and new responsibilities such as entering into the work force for the first time and learning to manage finances. In this way the bereaved goes through a process of learning and coping with new cognitions and realities, such as â€Å"I am the breadwinner now.† (Marwit, et al., 2004). The bereaved must learn to process such new cognitions as a part of moving forward. The DPM is concerned with the interaction of a myriad of cognitive process. According to Bower, et al (1998, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004) in this instance cognitive refers to â€Å"the process of actively thinking about a stressor, the thoughts and feeling it evokes, and its implications for one’s life and future†. Cognitive processes taking place among the bereaved can therefore be described as split between implicit and explicit processes (Marwit, et al, 2004). There is evidence to suggest that exposure therapy can do more harm than good, also that complete avoidance is not always successful in grief resolution, Stroebe & Schut (2001, cited in Marwit, et al, 2004) use an approach referred to as oscillation which allows the griever the balance of both confrontation and avoidance in both loss- and reorientation-coping. This is similar to psychodynamic approaches in which the client has control in directing the course of the therapy (we shall see below). Oscillation gives the client a break from dealing with intense painful emotions for a long period of time. To begin the process of grief work in a psychodynamic setting involves establishing an explicit therapeutic agreement between the therapist and the client whereby the client makes the decision to focus on the loss when he is ready (Lamb, 1988). Once the agreement is made, the therapist explains what the client can expect during future sessions and continues to reassure the client that the pace of the therapy, area of exploration and subject matter discussed will be entirely at his discretion (Lamb, 1988). This gives the client a sense of control during a crisis where he may feel helpless. The therapist can now guide the bereaved through the process of actually acknowledging the loss, reawakening reminiscences, adjusting to their existence in the world without the lost one and to experience all of the pain and emotions associated with this actuality (Worden, 1982, cited in Lamb, 1988). This is achieved through interventions such as, instructing the client to bring memorabilia to sessions like pictures, belongings of the deceased and other â€Å"linking objects† (Volkan, 1972, cited in Lamb, 1988); also the application of such techniques as role-reversal, â€Å"the empty chair† and keeping a dream diary (Lamb, 1988). Another way to elicit emotional response is by encouraging the survivor to talk about positive as well as negative features of the relationship with the deceased (Lamb, 1988). It is also important to allow the client the opportunity to tell their story as often as they wish as this not only assists the griever to confront painful feelings associated with the loss, but it also affords the therapist the opportunity to point out underlying issues which may be the source of the pain. Hough (2010) describes a case study in which a young woman, Linda, sought grief therapy after suffering with depression stemming from the death of her grandmother two years prior. During one session Linda mentioned having to move in with her grandparents after her parents divorced and showed avoidance and discomfort at the mention of this point (i.e. left that particular session early, arrived late for next session). Through â€Å"listening, observing, interpreting, linking, giving reflective response and looking at defences and resistance† (Hough, 2010) the therapist was able to address and draw attention to an underlying issue, which was the actual source of the depression; one that Linda had never been able to identify on her own. Wogrin (2008) explains her approach to this process as listening for what she calls the client’s quieter voice, the one that even the client himself is unaware of. Another form of psychodynamic intervention is group therapy, during which grievers are encouraged to try and understand how unresolved conflicts beneath the surface may be hindering their abilities to cope with loss (Kipnes, et al, 2002; MacNair-Semands, 2004; Piper et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). Let us consider two operational forms of group therapies: interpretive and supportive groups. Interpretive group therapy provides a forum for individuals suffering from complicated grief, to gain insight into trauma and recurring internal struggles that impede the griever’s ability to mourn in a normal way (Piper, et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). This form of therapy also aims to assist the client’s understanding and acceptance feelings of ambivalence toward loved ones lost (Para, 2009). The counsellor refrains from praise with the purpose of promoting tolerance of stress and uneasiness (Para, 2009). The most important objective of supportive group therapy, however, is to enhance acclimatization of the bereaved to their current situation of loss and grief (Piper, et al, 2001, cited in Para, 2009). The counsellor promotes a pleasurable environment for grievers to express shared experiences and emotions common among the bereaved (Para, 2009). During supportive group therapy the counsellor is non-interpretive and less probing as opposed to interpretive therapy(ibid). So far, we have discussed the two approaches separately, but there are occasions where integration of the two may be necessary and beneficial to the client. For instance, in situations where the survivor suffers from nightmares relating to the death, it may be practical in integrate behavioural exposure techniques as well as symbolism and imagery. Reynolds (1996) asserts â€Å"Drawing as well as verbal representation could also be regarded as an effective form of exposure therapy, helping the client to stay with the anxiety-provoking death-related images† (p.1) To conclude According to the cognitive perspective, suffering a loss through death is a very difficult external occurrence that completely changes one’s belief system and consequently all related sentiments and actions. Internal feelings and beliefs are challenged in CBT as the therapist attempts to show the client other ways of thinking about and adjusting to their loss, this is not unlike the psychodynamic approach. However, in psychodynamic models, internal belief systems are challenged with regards to unconscious conflict resolutions. CBT seeks to inform the client of what can happen as a result of grief due to a loss, to identify different reactions which may be normal responses to loss and to reveal new or better coping skills. Again, this is similar to psychodynamic therapies in as much as the therapist explains emotions which may arise during therapy sessions. Additionally, exposure techniques are used by both theories as a way to encourage the client to face the death head-on. This can be achieved by using emotional cues of the loss i.e. sorting through the personal belongings, talking to them in an empty chair this allows the client to experience a sense of connection to the deceased. The aims of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural approaches to grief are similar and may at times be integrated in order to provide the best possible intervention for the bereaved. (2242 Words) References: Para, E. A. (2009) Group Counselling for Complicated Grief: A Literature Review. Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1(2). Article 10100-112. Malkinson, R. (2001) Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy of Grief: A Review and Application. Research on Social Work Practice, 11, 671-698. Lamb, D. H. (1988) Loss and Grief: Psychotherapy Strategies and Interventions. Psychotherapy, 25(4), 561-569. Marwit, L. T. & Marwit, S. J. (2004) Complicated Grief and the Trend Toward Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy. Death Studies, 28, 849-863 Neimeyer, R. A. & Wogrin, C. (2008) Psychotherapy for Complicated Bereavement: A Meaning-Oriented Approach. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 16(1) 1-20. Reynolds, F. (1996) Laying Mother to Rest: Working with Grief-Related Nightmares Through Exposure Therapy and Imagery. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 9(3) 1-7 Hough, M. (2010) Counselling Skills and Theory 3rd Ed, UK: Hodder Education

Mrs. Dalloway By Virginia Wool Essay - 796 Words

In Virginia Woolf’s book, Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith grow up under the same social institutions although social classes are drawn upon wealth; it can be conceived that two people may have very similar opinions of the society that created them. The English society which Woolf presents individuals that are uncannily similar. Clarissa and Septimus share the quality of expressing through actions, not words. Through these basic beliefs and idiosyncrasies, both characters mimic each other through their actions and thoughts, even though they never meet. Clarissa feels sadness and death around her. There is much routine and habit around her but she still seems dissatisfied. At her late age of fifty she sees†¦show more content†¦Subconsciously, he reveals his need to be nurtured, but he pulls away from society when he falls ill and has trouble dealing with reality. Both Septimus and Clarissa are very similar in this manner. Death is perceived as defiance by both characters. Clarissa expresses her belief in reincarnation. She believes if her true self is not revealed in this life, it will be revealed in the next. She has the belief that everything will work out, eventually. Thinking of Septimus’s death, Clarissa remembers thinking before a party, â€Å"If it were to now die, ‘twere now to be most happy†(Woolf 184). She felt if she was to die, it was a good point in her life to die. As for Septimus, he knows of war, death, and destruction; he knows that society will not change and that he cannot live in a world that can be so constricting. Septimus takes a leap of faith and ends all of his suffering in this unforgiving world; individuality, Septimus and Clarissa recede into the depths of normality. Clarissa accepts this recession, from having a dream to being merely Mrs. Dalloway. However, he does not, this constriction and uniformity propels him out of his bedroom window to death. Although Clarissa and Septimus differ in their response to this uniformity, the truth remains that they are both dissatisfied. Their dissatisfaction emanates from Kramer 3 their influence from their surrounding society. Many people don’t understand what Septimus isShow MoreRelated The Social/Economic Upper-Class in England in Mrs. Dalloway, Sense and Sensibility, and The Picture of Dorian Gray1383 Words   |  6 Pages The social/economic upper-class in England in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are depicted through the characters’ lifestyles, wealth, and behaviors. Woolf, Austen, and Wilde give insightful portrayals of the characters by emphasizing their social roles in the England society. Their portrayals of the characters suggest that they are critical of the upper-class’ factitious lifestyles. Members of England’sRead MoreSocial Struggle : Mrs. Dalloway And The Picture Of Dorian Gray1439 Words   |  6 PagesWilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Gene Luen Lang’s The Shadow Hero and Tate Taylor’s The Help throug ¬h the characters lifestyles, wealth/ lack thereof and behavior. Each of these authors, playwrights and artists give insightful portrayals of their characters through an emphasis on their social roles. The portrayals made by them show a critical view of the social hierarchy and bigotry. Members of the upper-class, like those in Mrs. Dalloway and The Picture of Dorian GrayRead More Imposing Our Own Ideological Frameworks onto Virginia Woolf and Her Writing3784 Words   |  16 PagesImposing Our Own Ideological Frameworks onto Virginia Woolf and Her Writing Whenever we try to imagine the feelings or motives of a writer, we impose our own thoughts and ideas, our own biases, onto that person and their work. Perhaps in order to justify our choices or legitimate the philosophies that we hold dear, we interpret texts so that they fall into place in our own ideological frameworks. Literature, because it engages with the most important and passionate questions in life, evokes